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Gene Functions

Gene Function Networks

High-authority cornerstone pages on the molecular systems that drive cancer — from DNA repair and cell cycle control to oncogenic signalling and angiogenesis.

Quick Answer

These pathway guides explain how cancer mutations alter biochemical signalling, checkpoint control, DNA repair, apoptosis, and therapeutic response. Each guide links the molecular mechanism to driver genes, cancer phenotypes, and targeted therapy resistance.

DNA Repair
DNA Damage Response Genes
Every human cell sustains approximately 70,000 DNA damage events per day, ranging from base oxidations and replication errors to double-stra…
ATMBRCA1TP53CHEK2MDM2CDKN2A
6 pathway steps · 3 FAQs
Cell Biology
Cell Cycle Regulation Genes
Cell division is governed by a biochemical oscillator built from cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their cyclin regulatory subunits, oppos…
CDK4RB1CDKN2ATP53AKT1MYC
6 pathway steps · 3 FAQs
Cancer Biology
Apoptosis Regulators
Apoptosis — programmed cell death — is the cell's ultimate tumour-suppressive mechanism, eliminating cells with irreparable DNA damage, onco…
BCL2TP53AKT1PTENSTAT3MYC
6 pathway steps · 3 FAQs
Signalling Pathways
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signalling Pathway
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is the most frequently activated oncogenic signalling axis in human cancer, altered in over 70% of tumours through…
PIK3CAPTENAKT1MTOR
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
Signalling Pathways
RAS/MAPK Signalling Pathway
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) cascade is one of the most ancient and conserved proliferative signalling pathways in eukaryotes, from yeast to h…
KRASBRAFPIK3CAMYC
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
Signalling Pathways
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Networks
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transmembrane proteins that convert extracellular growth factor signals into intracellular kinase activ…
EGFRHER2KRASPIK3CA
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
Tumor Biology
Tumor Angiogenesis
Solid tumours cannot grow beyond 1–2 mm in diameter without neovascularisation — the formation of new blood vessels supplying oxygen and nut…
VEGFAHIF1AAKT1MTOR
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
Cancer Biology
Tumor Suppressor Networks
Tumour suppressor genes encode proteins that actively restrain cell proliferation, promote DNA repair, or eliminate damaged cells. Unlike on…
TP53BRCA1PTENRB1MDM2CDKN2A
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
Oncogenic Signalling
Transcription Factor Oncogenes
Transcription factors are proteins that bind DNA regulatory sequences and control the expression of target genes. When mutated, amplified, o…
MYCSTAT3BCL2VEGFA
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
DNA Repair
Homologous Recombination Repair
Homologous recombination (HR) is the high-fidelity repair pathway for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), operating exclusively in S/G2 phase w…
BRCA1ATMPTENCHEK2
6 pathway steps · 2 FAQs
Signalling Pathways
EGFR Signalling Pathway in Cancer: Step-by-Step EGFR–KRAS Mechanism
The EGFR signalling pathway converts extracellular EGF binding into intracellular proliferative and survival signals via the KRAS–RAF–MEK–ER…
EGFRKRASBRAFPIK3CAAKT1MYC
8 pathway steps · 6 FAQs

Pathway guides are based on peer-reviewed molecular biology literature and curated from NCBI, UniProt, and PubMed. For educational and research purposes only.